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Jul 7, 2024 01:51 PM
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互换性的概念
在机械设计领域,互换性是一个关键的概念,它涉及到不同的机械部件、元件或系统在相同或类似的应用中能够进行替换、交互或集成而不影响整体机械系统的性能、功能和适应性。以下是在机械设计中常见的与互换性相关的考虑因素:
- 尺寸和公差: 互换性的基础通常是对尺寸和公差的精确控制。当不同零部件具有相同的尺寸和公差要求时,它们就能够在相同的装配中互换使用。工程师通常使用国际标准或公司内部标准来确保这种一致性。
- 接口标准: 在机械设计中,一些关键的接口标准可以确保互换性。例如,螺纹、键槽、联轴器等部件的标准化接口可以使其能够在不同系统中进行互换。
- 材料选择: 对于一些相似的机械应用,选择相同或相似的材料也是实现互换性的一个重要因素。材料的物理和机械性质对于零部件的功能和性能都至关重要。
- 组装和拆卸方便性: 考虑到机械系统的维护和修理,设计应该使得零部件能够方便地拆卸和组装。这包括使用螺纹连接、快速连接器或其他设计,以提高组装和拆卸的效率。
- 标准化零件: 使用标准化零件是实现互换性的一种常见策略。例如,使用标准的轴承、齿轮、螺栓等零部件,使得它们可以轻松地从一个供应商更换到另一个供应商。
- 模块化设计: 将机械系统设计成模块化的结构,其中每个模块都有清晰的接口和功能,这有助于互换性。如果需要更改或升级系统的一部分,可以更容易地替换相应的模块。
- 符合行业标准: 遵循行业或国际标准也是实现互换性的关键。这有助于确保设计满足广泛认可的规范,提高了零部件和系统在全球范围内的互换性。
公差与配合
h是基准,下极限是0,字母越前,间隙越大,字母越后,间隙越小。
下面的图基孔制显示的是轴,基轴制表示的是孔的偏差。
以孔为基准的多,轴好加工,难加工的为基准,不会轻易改动,容易加工的不作为基准。
轴可以用车,孔用镗或者铣。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Faa33a855-33b1-405a-9acb-ced370950925%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=99b28f7a-fe35-4f60-95bc-8046a2cbad06&t=99b28f7a-fe35-4f60-95bc-8046a2cbad06)
大写字母是孔的偏差,去除材料的都用孔偏差,不论是否圆形,
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fb15ed37b-aa83-43d5-856a-707ff2f9bb6d%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=b68d7509-ea9a-4d0c-95b7-17e6d881e68d&t=b68d7509-ea9a-4d0c-95b7-17e6d881e68d)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F2c2e2de6-7f28-4cd1-ae5c-ca18c3372b26%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=d5d2bba6-1317-4175-9df1-d32354943a17&t=d5d2bba6-1317-4175-9df1-d32354943a17)
凯元公差查询工具
绿色是优先13个(经验所得)
过渡配合一般不用,要么间隙,要么过盈。
过盈附近的也不太用。
间隙用的最多的是 f 8(间隙比较大了,但还不至于晃动),g 6, h9(没有什么等级要求了), h7 (轴)
过盈用的最多的是 k6(要一点间隙的话), m8和 p8(用锤子砸进去),之后几乎不用了
孔最多用的是H7,
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F7b2828c1-45ac-40aa-914e-de463cccea77%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=ff7ec66b-46e2-4eb5-889e-383fd8f7eff6&t=ff7ec66b-46e2-4eb5-889e-383fd8f7eff6)
公差等级
一般 IT 5~12 ,最常用的是7级和8级,轴精密用到6级。 电机一般到9级配合就行。5级会用到磨床。一般不要用到这种精度。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fcb45a235-136b-4866-ac0b-11c8a83be158%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=df35a6b5-fd85-46da-9c52-9f67b7104a2d&t=df35a6b5-fd85-46da-9c52-9f67b7104a2d)
未注公差按照GB1184-80要求。
字体大小,一般括号里是前面的一半大小。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F68f1b820-7638-4975-afcb-15dff8a85f49%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=9146c562-6e0e-40cf-afdc-c48dea03b1f0&t=9146c562-6e0e-40cf-afdc-c48dea03b1f0)
行位公差(形状公差和位置公差)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fe9be55e1-d7b9-4f77-b3a3-61f05ddf29d2%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=465bf2eb-8eb9-4685-b49b-490b6cf04542&t=465bf2eb-8eb9-4685-b49b-490b6cf04542)
垂直度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F05434881-1456-4c80-a669-0c07b3077e6a%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=94f58dc8-2076-4021-97a5-42868fc2054b&t=94f58dc8-2076-4021-97a5-42868fc2054b)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F435f4331-e985-47fa-ae2d-a0ce52a4230a%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=aa056578-cd83-4bf0-a506-f645f98972ad&t=aa056578-cd83-4bf0-a506-f645f98972ad)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F894c7485-1e87-470a-984b-ad1cfae677e1%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=906a9100-6e2e-4310-a990-6167a1378f37&t=906a9100-6e2e-4310-a990-6167a1378f37)
一般标注0.05,小零件0.03也可以达到。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fcf0a0b28-da93-400f-a00b-c6e1d4341fbc%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=26ac03be-f5a2-4583-9355-abf4cb88354b&t=26ac03be-f5a2-4583-9355-abf4cb88354b)
倾斜度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F7855fb19-ad32-4b59-a0d7-5a9dccb8f48a%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=9fd289e8-60d6-400d-9b84-609c39f22015&t=9fd289e8-60d6-400d-9b84-609c39f22015)
位置度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F22abe793-cfcf-4a65-afa6-c0effe8aeb30%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=46e6e6f4-c4ed-42cb-b1b3-3dcaceeaad3e&t=46e6e6f4-c4ed-42cb-b1b3-3dcaceeaad3e)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fa2cce9ea-3fac-488f-b34b-263402231e77%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=feab34ee-2bf9-432c-b7d7-6eabb6ed46d4&t=feab34ee-2bf9-432c-b7d7-6eabb6ed46d4)
同轴度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F5e66f769-53ca-4c67-8c43-5a7bbc0fd9ee%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=df999857-029c-411e-bc87-6122eb22526a&t=df999857-029c-411e-bc87-6122eb22526a)
记得标注直径φ
对称度
通用于键槽槽口
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F571d0d83-799e-47b6-bf9e-f12321787c7c%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=29a15de8-5249-40e7-ac16-95b50d98b130&t=29a15de8-5249-40e7-ac16-95b50d98b130)
圆跳动
类似圆柱度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F7220bbb1-d979-45b8-acfb-a8e599ba5649%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=f13b3be3-7536-43d0-907c-7b7a1de1568b&t=f13b3be3-7536-43d0-907c-7b7a1de1568b)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fdebc8a5a-5fd7-44c5-9723-eb27a5646dec%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=41874ca9-33c3-430b-b20d-f331b1ca5701&t=41874ca9-33c3-430b-b20d-f331b1ca5701)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fde92600c-2762-4531-a984-52eb5144e5e3%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=0f288278-9f36-4cf0-91ca-18ca77622c8c&t=0f288278-9f36-4cf0-91ca-18ca77622c8c)
全跳动
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fb5b77be1-e167-446d-bf7b-6ee8cbbeb357%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=bb0a34fb-7e68-4d75-ae83-d35dcd8d2d3d&t=bb0a34fb-7e68-4d75-ae83-d35dcd8d2d3d)
全跳动和园跳动的区别:
在圆柱面上绕一圈就是圆跳动;全跳动是圆柱一直转,探针沿径向移动。别是圆跳动测得是任意线,全跳动侧的是面。
轮廓度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fd1555f21-6151-4b8e-b148-540b6b7a8820%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=a9c56696-c32c-401b-affa-218d3cbd8303&t=a9c56696-c32c-401b-affa-218d3cbd8303)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fe54ad942-2988-4392-b125-d81187534fb1%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=a11a5561-a4f1-4517-8ba9-a2597bae9e8a&t=a11a5561-a4f1-4517-8ba9-a2597bae9e8a)
注意事项
有公差的地方就要行位公差。
只有棱边和圆柱才标直线度,平面标平面度。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Fa4302e76-b18c-49b7-80e4-cc2f86413c0e%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=0bd1f543-64a2-4ed1-8719-9df0ee389275&t=0bd1f543-64a2-4ed1-8719-9df0ee389275)
根据几级公差出的具体数值,这里是7级。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2Ff108040a-7043-4907-934c-aa26c793a988%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=1da8d2cc-ca84-47ae-bf74-75734af9db3e&t=1da8d2cc-ca84-47ae-bf74-75734af9db3e)
基准面一般选择较大的面,或者大孔。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F0451d645-bd96-4680-ab50-d8135bda304b%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=eb4d55ee-836a-4bc7-a982-96242b96235e&t=eb4d55ee-836a-4bc7-a982-96242b96235e)
第一张图,AB的公共轴线的基准,同轴度3
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F51b561c6-607e-4dfd-ae05-114b0385d8c3%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=de5aae3d-4eaf-4e69-b232-b33c75355756&t=de5aae3d-4eaf-4e69-b232-b33c75355756)
粗糙度
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F9cab46ba-ca1d-4562-9076-12d2e9b0cc65%2F61287ba2-8e3c-4c7f-a993-1f1fe979bc81%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=62135f48-c2b6-4092-ae87-65c6c63dea7f&t=62135f48-c2b6-4092-ae87-65c6c63dea7f)
参考资料
- 作者:Conor
- 链接:https://www.xzhh.top/article/Tolerance
- 声明:本文采用 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 许可协议,转载请注明出处。